WARCHA SANDSTONE:

Type locality: western salt rang zaluch nala 
Lithology: it is mostly composed of sandstone and some where the cabonishous shale .the sandstone is in res color.
The warch formation and the tubra formation are repeted again and again according to the structure geologist that is because of isocline folding.
I observe different geological feature in this formation.
• Mercnish color sandstone
• Ripple marks
• Mold and cost
• White and sandstone
• Bedding of shale which is carbonaceous shale which cantina and produce coal.
• Having iron concretion
• Having pinching out layers
• Upper surface have is spheridicale weathering.
• Root cost (biogenic sedimentary structure)
• Rain pet (missiven sedimentary structure )
• Cross bedding (top set, bottom set, clinoform )
• Grady sand(partical size more then sand)
• Tempestite ..stream deposit

Fossil: having no fossil because it is fluvial deposit .
Age: early Permian
Environment: fluvial
Contact: it’s lower contact with the tubra formation and upper with the sardi formation and it is the diagnostic feature of the wacha sandstone that it’s contact will be with tubra formation and upper with sardi formation if it is not with that then it will be khewra sandstone

Tempestite:
Tempestites are rocks which show evidence of a strong storm, which has redeposited pre-existing sediments. They occur in shallow-water conditions, because these sediments are disturbed and redeposited by the energy of waves. The scientific study of tempestites is called paleotempestology.

www.geologyofpakistan.blogspot.com
www.facebook.com/geologyofpakistan

WARGAL FORMATION:

Type locality: western salt rang zaluch nala 
Lithology: it compose of the limestone, sandy limestone, shale and clay 
Fossil: it is highly compose fossil we also observe the faults and also draw the skectch of the faults
This formation is brecciated due to the tectonic activity
b also consist of the alga stromotolight and have minor uncofomites with in the formation which is called the haiatus .

Age: late Permian

Environment: shallow marine
Contact: lower conformable with the amb and with the chidru formation 

www.geologyofpakistan.blogspot.com
www.facebook.com/geologyofpakistan

GROUP: NILAWAHAN GROUP
TOBRA FORMATION:
Type locality: khewra gorge 

Lithology: it is composed glacial deposed which is called tilites.tilites have following charictaristic 
• Having mix lithology 
• Having no fossil
• Having no layring
• Cementing material is clay

• Particle size from the fine grained clay to erratic boulder
Fossil: have no fossil
Age: early Permian
Contact: lower is unconformable with the baghanwala formation.
Environment: glacial environment

www.geologyofpakistan.blogspot.com
www.facebook.com/geologyofpakistan

JHELUM GROUP:
BHAGANWALA FORMATION:

Type locality: khewra gorge

Lithology: sandstone which is flagy redish in color also silt stone is present here. We also observe the shale here 
The diagnostic feature of this formation is the salt psudomorph
Salt psudumarph is formed when the salt is present in the rock and latter on this salt is dissolved and replaced so a structure is formed which is call salt psudumarph.
Fossil: no fossil
Contact: faulted contact with the sakeser limestone and also with the the tubra formation but in between these formation personally I study a bed of rock which is totally different from the formation which compose carbonish shale and coal bed it’s ttikness is about 5 to 7 metar which I measure on hemur which I latter on compeared with scale
Environment : flival

www.geologyofpakistan.blogspot.com
www.facebook.com/geologyofpakistan

JUTANA FORMATION:

Type locality: khewra gorge (PAKISTAN) 
Lithology: dolomite are present here. they are primary dolomite ,oilitic limestone 
Characteristic feature of primery dolomite: 
Alga stromotolite
Tepee like structure

Fossil: it is poorly fossilfoures

www.geologyofpakistan.blogspot.com
www.facebook.com/geologyofpakistan

BANDAR KAS GYPSUM:

When we cover some distance in khewra gorge here we study the Bandar khas gypsum.it is difficult to determine that this is gypsum because it same like salt crystal but we use two methods to determine it.it make its determination .the both method are given below
1. Test: if we test it with tong and they give salty test then it will be the salt and if not then it will be the gypsum
2. Hardness: if we rubbing it with nil and it can’t screech then it will be not gypsum it screech then it will be gypsum because the hardness of gypsum is”2” and the hardness of the nil is 2.5 so the nil must be screech it.

Environment: tidal plate.

GYPSUM:
Gypsum is a soft sulfate mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate, with the chemical formula CaSO4·2H2O.[3] It can be used as a fertilizer, is the main constituent in many forms of plaster and is widely mined. A massive fine-grained white or lightly tinted variety of gypsum, called alabaster, has been used for sculpture by many cultures including Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Ancient Rome, Byzantine empire and the Nottingham alabasters of medieval England. It is the definition of a hardness of 2 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness. It forms as an evaporite mineral and as a hydration product of anhydrite.

www.geologyofpakistan.blogspot.com
www.facebook.com/geologyofpakistan

 BELIANWALA SALT:

It is the 3rd member of the salt rang formation. It totally composed salt rock.
It was discovered it the time of war of the SIKANDAR –E- AZAM & KATAS at that time the horses of the SIKANDA- E –AZAM saking the salt stone then he think that there is salt so from that time it is uses for salt. now the mining engineer piking the half salt and leave the half for the strength of the mine foundation . it have total 17 portion . it produce 1500 tun salt daily so it is a big economic export for Pakistan.
We go enter to the mine here we study the stylolite & algastromotolite.
Figure no…..
Here we observe three color of salt.it color variation is due to the content of the, Mn, Fe, Na respectively its color is greenish, reddish and white

www.geologyofpakistan.blogspot.com

www.facebook.com/geologyofpakistan

KHEWRA GORGE:

Historical background:
Including the salt range formation all the formation in salt rang(mianwali)

are come to the surface due to the salt range thrust.

The throw of this fault is about 95 to 120 km.it is the youngest fault
Formation (Salt range thrust)
Age: Precambrian

www.geologyofpakistan.blogspot.com

www.facebook.com/geologyofpakistan

FOLD:

fold, in geology, undulation or waves in the stratified rocks of the Earth’s crust. Stratified rocks were originally formed from sediments that were deposited in flat, horizontal sheets, but in a number of places the strata are no longer horizontal but have been warped. Sometimes the warping is so gentle that the inclination of the strata is barely perceptible, or the warping may be so pronounced that the strata of the two flanks may be essentially parallel or lie nearly flat (as in the case of a recumbent fold). Folds vary widely in size; some are several kilometres or even hundreds of kilometres across, and others measure just a few centimetres or less. The tops of large folds are commonly eroded away on the Earth’s surface, exposing the cross sections of the inclined strata.

Folds are generally classified according to the attitude of their axes and their appearance in cross sections perpendicular to the trend of the fold. The axial plane of a fold is the plane or surface that divides the fold as symmetrically as possible, as shown in Figure 1. The axial plane may be vertical, horizontal, or inclined at any intermediate angle, as in the folds in Figure 2. An axis of a fold is the intersection of the axial plane with one of the strata of which the fold is composed. Although in the simpler types of folds the axis is horizontal or gently inclined, it may be steeply inclined or even vertical. The angle of inclination of the axis, as measured from the horizontal, is called the plunge. The portions of the fold between adjacent axes form the flanks, limbs, or slopes of a fold.

An anticline is a fold that is convex upward, and a syncline is a fold that is concave upward. An anticlinorium is a large anticline on which minor folds are superimposed, and a synclinorium is a large syncline on which minor folds are superimposed. A symmetrical fold is one in which the axial plane is vertical. An asymmetrical fold is one in which the axial plane is inclined. An overturned fold, or overfold, has the axial plane inclined to such an extent that the strata on one limb are overturned. A recumbent fold has an essentially horizontal axial plane. When the two limbs of a fold are essentially parallel to each other and thus approximately parallel to the axial plane, the fold is called isoclinal.

Many folds are distinctly linear; that is, their extent parallel to the axis is many times their width. Some folds, however, are not linear but are more or less circular in plan. A dome is such a fold that is convex upward; this means that its strata dip outward from a central area. A basin is a circular fold that is concave upward—i.e., the strata dip inward toward a central area.

The long linear folds that are characteristic of mountainous regions are believed to have resulted from compressional forces acting parallel to the surface of the Earth and at right angles to the fold. Some geologists believe that many folds are the result of strata sliding from a vertically uplifted area under the influence of gravity. The push exerted by an advancing glacier also may throw weakly consolidated rocks into folds, and the compaction of sedimentary rocks over buried hills gives rise to gentle folds. In nature, folds are rarely produced by a single process but by a combination of processes.

TYPES OF FOLD:

* Anticline
* Syncline
* Antiform
* Synform
* Dome
* Basin
* Monocline
* Chevron

Facebook

www.facebook.com/geologyofpakistan